Malawi
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Malawi

Introduction

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Background:

Established in 1891, the British protectorate of Nyasaland became the independent nation of Malawi in 1964. After three decades of one-party rule, the country held multiparty elections in 1994 under a provisional constitution, which took full effect the following year. National multiparty elections were held again in 1999.

Malawi

Geography

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Location:

Southern Africa, east of Zambia

Geographic coordinates:

13 30 S, 34 00 E

Map references:

Africa

Area:

total:  118,480 sq km land:  94,080 sq km water:  24,400 sq km

Area - comparative:

slightly smaller than Pennsylvania

Land boundaries:

total:  2,881 km border countries:  Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km, Zambia 837 km

Coastline:

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

none (landlocked)

Climate:

sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)

Terrain:

narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountains

Elevation extremes:

lowest point:  junction of the Shire River and international boundary with Mozambique 37 m highest point:  Sapitwa 3,002 m

Natural resources:

limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite

Land use:

arable land:  34% permanent crops:  0% permanent pastures:  20% forests and woodland:  39% other:  7% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:

280 sq km (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:

NA

Environment - current issues:

deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of spawning grounds endangers fish populations

Environment - international agreements:

party to:  Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified:  Law of the Sea

Geography - note:

landlocked; Lake Nyasa, some 580 km long, is the country's most prominent physical feature

Malawi

People

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Population:

10,548,250 note:  estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:

0-14 years:  44.43% (male 2,348,940; female 2,337,290) 15-64 years:  52.78% (male 2,741,622; female 2,825,966) 65 years and over:  2.79% (male 119,283; female 175,149) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.5% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:

37.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:

22.81 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth:  1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years:  1 male(s)/female 15-64 years:  0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over:  0.68 male(s)/female total population:  0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

121.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:  37.08 years male:  36.61 years female:  37.55 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:

5.18 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

15.96% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

800,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

70,000 (1999 est.)

Nationality:

noun:  Malawian(s) adjective:  Malawian

Ethnic groups:

Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Ngonde, Asian, European

Religions:

Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%, indigenous beliefs

Languages:

English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important regionally

Literacy:

definition:  age 15 and over can read and write total population:  58% male:  72.8% female:  43.4% (1999 est.)

Malawi

Government

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Country name:

conventional long form:  Republic of Malawi conventional short form:  Malawi former:  British Central African Protectorate, Nyasaland Protectorate, Nyasaland

Government type:

multiparty democracy

Capital:

Lilongwe

Administrative divisions:

24 districts; Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Lilongwe, Machinga (Kasupe), Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, Mzimba, Ntcheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Rumphi, Salima, Thyolo, Zomba; note - there may be three new districts named Balaka, Likoma, and Phalombe

Independence:

6 July 1964 (from UK)

National holiday:

Independence Day, 6 July (1964)

Constitution:

18 May 1994

Legal system:

based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state:  President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government:  President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet:  36-member Cabinet named by the president elections:  president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 15 June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004) election results:  Bakili MULUZI reelected president; percent of vote - Bakili MULUZI (UDF) 51.4%, Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA (MCP-AFORD) 44.3%

Legislative branch:

unicameral National Assembly (193 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections:  last held 15 June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004) election results:  percent of vote by party - UDF 48%, MCP 34%, AFORD 15%, others 3%; seats by party - UDF 94, MCP 66, AFORD 29, others 4

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court of Appeal; High Court (chief justice appointed by the president, puisne judges appointed on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission); magistrate's courts

Political parties and leaders:

Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Chakufwa CHIHANA, president]; Malawi Congress Party or MCP [Gwanda CHAKUAMBA, president, John TEMBO, vice president]; Malawi Democratic Party or MDP [Kampelo KALUA, president]; National Independence Party; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Eston KAKHOME, president]; United Democratic Front or UDF [Bakili MULUZI] - governing party

Political pressure groups and leaders:

NA

International organization participation:

ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission:  Ambassador Paul Tony Steven KANDIERO chancery:  2408 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone:  [1] (202) 797-1007

Diplomatic representation from the US:

chief of mission:  Ambassador Roger A. MEECE embassy:  Area 40, Plot 24, Kenyatta Road mailing address:  P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe 3, Malawi telephone:  [265] 773 166 FAX:  [265] 770 471

Flag description:

three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant, rising, red sun centered in the black band

Government - note:

the executive exerts considerable influence over the legislature

Malawi

Economy

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Economy - overview:

Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least developed countries. The economy is predominately agricultural, with about 90% of the population living in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for 37% of GDP and 85% of export revenues. The economy depends on substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and individual donor nations. In late 2000, Malawi was approved for relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) program. The government faces strong challenges, e.g., to fully develop a market economy, to improve educational facilities, to face up to environmental problems, and to deal with the rapidly growing problem of HIV/AIDS.

GDP:	purchasing power parity - $9.4 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

3% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:

purchasing power parity - $900 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture:  37% industry:  29% services:  34% (1998 est.)

Population below poverty line:

54% (FY90/91 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%:  NA% highest 10%:  NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

29.5% (2000)

Labor force:

3.5 million

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture 86% (1997 est.)

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues:  $490 million expenditures:  $523 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00 est.)

Industries:

tobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods

Industrial production growth rate:

NA%

Electricity - production:

1.025 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:

fossil fuel:  2.44% hydro:  97.56% nuclear:  0% other:  0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:

950 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:

3 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:

0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:

tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, corn, potatoes, cassava (tapioca), sorghum, pulses; cattle, goats

Exports:

$416 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Exports - commodities:

tobacco, tea, sugar, cotton, coffee, peanuts, wood products

Exports - partners:

South Africa 16%, Germany 16%, US 15%, Netherlands 7%, Japan (1999)

Imports:

$435 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Imports - commodities:

food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment

Imports - partners:

South Africa 43%, Zimbabwe 14%, UK 5%, Germany 5%, Zambia, Japan, US (1999)

Debt - external:

$2.9 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:

$427 million (1999)

Currency:

Malawian kwacha (MWK)

Currency code:

MWK

Exchange rates:

Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 80.0946 (December 2000), 59.5438 (2000), 44.0881 (1999), 31.0727 (1998), 16.4442 (1997), 15.3085 (1996)

Fiscal year:

1 July - 30 June

Malawi

Communications

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Telephones - main lines in use:

37,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

7,000 (1997)

Telephone system:

general assessment:  NA domestic:  fair system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone communications stations international:  satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 9, FM 4 (plus 15 repeater stations), shortwave 3 (1998)

Radios:

2.6 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:

1 (1999)

Televisions:

0 (1999)

Internet country code:

.mw

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

8 (2001)

Internet users:

10,000 (2000)

Malawi

Transportation

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Railways:

total:  797 km narrow gauge:  797 km 1.067-m gauge (2001)

Highways:

total:  16,451 km paved:  3,126 km unpaved:  13,325 km (1997)

Waterways:

144 km note:  on Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and Shire Riverall

Ports and harbors:

Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Chilumba

Airports:

44 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:

total:  6 over 3,047 m:  1 1,524 to 2,437 m:  1 914 to 1,523 m:  4 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total:  38 1,524 to 2,437 m:  1 914 to 1,523 m:  14 under 914 m:  23 (2000 est.)

Malawi

Military

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Military branches:

Army (includes Air Wing and Naval Detachment), Police (includes paramilitary Mobile Force Unit)

Military manpower - availability:

males age 15-49:  2,466,708 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:

males age 15-49:  1,265,893 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:

$9.5 million (FY00/01)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

0.76% (FY00/01)

Malawi

Transnational Issues

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Disputes - international:

dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi)